United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) is one of Russia’s most important aerospace companies and a central component of the country’s military-industrial complex. Founded in 2006, UAC was created to consolidate major parts of Russia’s fragmented aircraft industry. It includes major aviation organizations and production facilities associated with Sukhoi, MiG, Tupolev, Ilyushin, Yakovlev and Beriev. UAC became part of Rostec in 2018. UAC is responsible for the development, production, modernization and maintenance of a wide range of Russian military aircraft. Its military portfolio includes the Su-30, Su-34, Su-35 and Su-57 fighter aircraft, as well as the Tu-22M3, Tu-95MS and Tu-160M strategic and long-range bomber fleets. It also produces military transport aircraft such as the Il-76MD-90A. UAC is particularly important to Russia’s war in Ukraine because its aircraft form a major part of Russia’s long-range and tactical air forces. Su-34 fighter-bombers have been extensively used for attacks against Ukrainian positions, while Russian strategic bombers such as the Tu-95MS and Tu-160 have been used as launch platforms for long-range cruise missiles. UAC therefore plays an important role in Russia’s ability to replace combat losses, modernize existing aircraft and maintain its air campaign. The corporation has expanded production since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, while facing significant difficulties caused by Western sanctions and export controls. Modern aircraft depend on sophisticated electronics, avionics, engines, machine tools and other components, some of which Russia previously obtained from foreign suppliers. UAC and other Russian aerospace companies have consequently pursued import substitution and alternative supply chains. UAC reported ₽538.9 billion in consolidated revenue in 2024, compared with ₽476.5 billion in 2023. However, the company remained loss-making, reporting a consolidated IFRS net loss of approximately ₽14.2 billion in 2024. UAC has been subject to extensive international sanctions because of its role in supplying Russia’s military aviation sector. The corporation is therefore both a major producer of advanced military technology and an important example of the strengths and vulnerabilities of Russia’s wartime military-industrial model: Russia has been able to increase aircraft production, but faces continuing constraints on access to advanced foreign technologies and components.