For decades, Russia's oil industry has been led by powerhouse commodity traders such as Trafigura. These giants have long been the face of Russia's energy sector, with their operations and dealings largely transparent and subject to international scrutiny. However, in response to Western sanctions, new and mysterious players have emerged on the scene. Comprising a complex network of opaque shell companies operating aging tankers, dubbed the Shadow Fleet, these shady companies have dramatically altered the landscape of Russia's oil exports, allowing the country to circumvent international sanctions and maintain its grip on the global energy market. With the traditional big traders no longer the sole players, the rise of the Shadow Fleet and the companies operating the ships has introduced a new era of complexity and secrecy to Russia's oil industry, making it increasingly difficult to track the flow of oil and the parties involved. As the Shadow Fleet continues to grow in influence, it raises important questions about the true extent of Russia's oil exports, the identities of the companies and individuals behind the Shadow Fleet, and the implications for global energy security and sanctions enforcement. In this article, we will delve into the world of Russia's Shadow Fleet, exploring its origins, operations, and impact on the global energy landscape.

![Companies linked to Etibar Eyyub](/uploads/Screenshot_from_2025_04_17_11_30_53_fd84d9fc01.png)

## Nord Axis
Nord Axis was incorporated in Hong Kong just nine days before Russia's invasion of Ukraine and benefits from being owned by a UAE holding company, ensuring that no stakeholder records are publicly available. Emerging from obscurity, the company seamlessly filled the gap created by Trafigura's exit from the Russian oil market. By acquiring a 10% share in Russian oil company Rosneft's Vostok oil project, Nord Axis commenced exporting large amounts of Rosneft petroleum to international markets. By 2023, using an aging fleet of tankers, the company was exporting billions of dollars worth of Russian crude oil and fuel to Indian and Chinese markets.

## Coral Energy
Sanctioned oil trading company 2Rivers, formerly known as Coral Energy, is based in Dubai and engages in the sale and export of Russian crude oil and petroleum products. The company was founded in 2010 by Tahir Garayev, a seasoned entrepreneur with dual citizenship in Malta and Russia, as well as Azerbaijani roots, and a close friend of Igor Sechin and Rosneft.

Initially, the company focused on trading crude oil from Azerbaijan's state-owned oil company. A pivotal moment came in 2014 when Garayev brought Etibar Eyyub on board to expand Coral's operations in Russia. That same year, the company set up a formal presence in Dubai. As Coral Energy continued to grow, it attracted two additional Azerbaijani nationals, Talat Safarov and Ahmed Karimov, who joined the team over the next few years. Despite closing its Azerbaijan office in 2017, Coral's business was thriving, with revenues soaring to over $3.5 billion by 2018.

According to available information, 2Rivers has become the largest trader evading Western oil sanctions. Eyyub and Garayev operate using a network of obscure companies controlled by the 2Rivers executive team, including ship management and operations companies, and dozens of trading companies registered in the UAE DMCC free zone and Hong Kong. Coral Energy was one of the major traders that emerged following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, along with Everest Energy, which has since claimed to have exited the business. Both companies denied that they left the trade due to sanctions risks. Everest stated, "it was a strategic business decision based on various factors specific to our company." Coral Energy stated, "we made a decision to source outside of Russia thanks to our diversified footprint in the MENA region."

The traders behind Coral Energy live a life of opulence, with many of them being associates. They frequently travel by private jet and divide their time between the affluent suburbs of Geneva and the luxurious skyscrapers of Dubai.

## Sanctions
Coral Energy has come under the scrutiny of international authorities, including the US Office of Foreign Assets Control. Coral Energy and five of its affiliated companies are being investigated by the authority for allegedly selling Russian oil in violation of sanctions. The company's recent rebranding from Coral Energy to 2Rivers has not gone unnoticed. On December 17, the UK announced sanctions against 2Rivers, stating that the move aims to "further drain Putin's war chest" by limiting the oil revenues that fund Russia's ongoing conflict. In response to the sanctions, a spokesperson for 2Rivers told The Wall Street Journal that the company's name was being used without permission by former employees in Russia. The spokesperson also stated that 2Rivers would challenge the sanctions.

## An Aging Fleet
Coral Energy's rapid expansion of its clandestine fleet was fueled by a series of strategic acquisitions, as the company purchased allegedly 125 aging tankers from China, Turkey, and Greece, many of which were built in the early 2000s. Although these vessels may be nearing the end of their lifespan, they come with a hefty price tag, typically ranging from $30 million to $40 million per ship. The use of outdated vessels poses a significant safety risk, as many of these ships are no longer eligible for insurance coverage, leaving them more prone to accidents. According to reports, Coral's purchasing spree was largely facilitated by loans from Russian financial institutions. In an apparent bid to maintain a low profile, the company registered its new acquisitions under the flags of countries with notoriously lax maritime regulations, such as Gabon, Panama, Palau, and the Cook Islands, making it increasingly difficult to track their movements. Reportedly, 47 Coral Energy vessels are currently flying the Gabonese flag.

In a notable transaction, Coral spent €100 million on fuel oil from Petrokim Trading Middle East and Asia DMCC, a Dubai-based entity with ties to Rosneft that has since rebranded as Voliton, between October and November 2022. Interestingly, Petrokim has also been linked to Nayara, an Indian petroleum company in which the Russian energy giant Rosneft holds a nearly 50% stake, highlighting the complex web of connections within the industry.

## Price Cap
The stakes escalated dramatically in December 2022, when a price cap on Russian crude oil imposed by the G7 nations and their allies took effect. The move was designed to limit Moscow's ability to profit from its oil exports, but it appears to have had little deterrent effect on some players in the industry. Documents reveal that Petrokim inked a deal with Nayara, to purchase crude oil at a price of over $67 a barrel - a clear breach of the $60 per barrel cap.

Further investigation suggests that Coral Energy has been finding ways to circumvent the price cap by partnering with ship management companies and vessel owners in countries that have not signed on to the G7 agreement. India and Turkey have emerged as key hubs for these activities, with the Marshall Islands also playing a role. Shipping data shows Coral Energy chartered vessels exporting oil to ports in China, India, and West Africa with impunity.

## Shadowy Transactions
Financial records uncovered a complex web of transactions between Coral Energy and its affiliated companies. In January 2023, Coral Energy requested a refund of €313 million from Petrokim, also known as Voliton, which is linked to Coral Energy. Just a few months later, another Coral Energy affiliate, Pontus Trading, paid $300 million to Voliton. Both companies are registered at the same address in Dubai's Jumeirah Lakes Tower.

Further investigations revealed the creation of a new shell company, Pura Vida Holding Limited, which was incorporated in the United Arab Emirates in May 2023. Pura Vida is listed as the ultimate parent company of Coral and its affiliates. The company's shareholders include two existing Coral Energy affiliates, Talat Safarov and Ahmad Karimov, as well as Anar Madatli, the son of Azerbaijan's former ambassador to Ukraine and the brother-in-law of Coral Energy's founder, Tahir Garayev.

## Further Sanctions
The US Treasury Department imposed sanctions on two entities linked to Coral Energy, Voliton DMCC and Bellatrix Energy Limited, in December. According to the Treasury, Bellatrix "sharply increased its share of the trade of Russian oil since the price cap policy was implemented." Shipping data shows that Bellatrix chartered 13 journeys in 2023, carrying over 3.7 million tons of crude oil or gas oil diesel. The journeys originated from Russian ports, including Primorsk, Tuapse, and Ust Luga, and were destined for ports in India, Greece, Ghana, China, Saudi Arabia, and Benin. The vessels flew the flags of Gabon or Panama.

## Trafigura Group
An investigation by Le Monde found that between February 2023 and February 2024, at least 41 cargoes of petroleum were sold by Coral to Trafigura Group. Coral and Trafigura have a close relationship and have shared employees. Otabek Karimov, a former executive at Rosneft, left the company in May 2022 and is believed to have played a key role in the development and management of Coral's trading operations. He was hired by Trafigura in Dubai in June. A Trafigura spokesperson stated the company "has complied and continues to comply with the Price Cap Framework, as well as all sanctions laws applicable to it."

## Coral Energy Today
2Rivers now reportedly employs 110 people, and sales were expected to total $11 billion in 2024. In the press release, Karimov insisted that 2Rivers was a new venture. However, the company's roots remain associated with Coral Energy: according to available information, just two weeks before the rebranding, Pura Vida, Coral's parent company, became the 85% shareholder of Novus Middle East, another company affiliated with Coral and said to be Garayev's holding company.

In July 2024, Nord Axis' Russian activity came to an abrupt halt. This is most likely a temporary inconvenience, as reports indicate that further companies linked to Eyyub, namely Voliton, Guron Trading, and Pontus Trading continue to keep the oil flowing out of Russia. 

## The Bottom Line
The emergence of new players in Russia's oil industry, such as Nord Axis and Coral Energy, has significantly altered the landscape of the country's energy sector. These companies, operating in the shadows and utilizing complex networks of shell companies and aging ships, have enabled Russia to maintain its grip on the global energy market despite Western sanctions. The rise of these opaque entities has introduced a new era of complexity and secrecy to Russia's oil industry, making it increasingly challenging to track the flow of oil and the parties involved. As international authorities continue to scrutinize these companies, it remains to be seen whether they will be able to evade sanctions and maintain their influence in the industry. The case of Etibar Eyyub, the architect behind Nord Axis, serves as a prime example of the adaptability of these new players, who are willing to go to great lengths to achieve their goals and avoid detection. As the global energy landscape continues to evolve, it is essential to shed light on the activities of these shadowy companies and to hold them accountable for their actions, to ensure the integrity of the global energy market and the effectiveness of sanctions enforcement. Ultimately, the true extent of Russia's oil exports and the identities of the companies and individuals behind the Shadow Fleet remain shrouded in mystery, highlighting the need for continued investigation and vigilance against sanctions evasion.

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The complex network of opaque shell companies of the Shadow Fleet linked to Etibar Eyyub.

Limited Lifecycle: Russia's Oil Sanctions Evasion Network

Who is behind the shadowy company Nord Axis? He sits smoking Marlboro Lights in Dubai's Platinum Tower and rose from relative obscurity to orchestrating a billion-dollar sanctions-busting oil empire. The Azerbaijani-born trader in question is Etibar Eyyub, age 46. He started out as the right-hand man to the founder of Coral Energy (2Rivers), Tahir Garayev, the company that conveniently vacated the space that Nord Axis immediately occupied.

Eyyub reportedly told colleagues that his ambition was to make the Forbes billionaires list. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has presented him with the perfect circumstances to achieve this goal. His rapid ascent into the Russian oil market facilitated by a close relationship with Russian oligarch Igor Sechin. Eyyub and Sechin are said to have gone to the sauna and hunting together; Eyyub was one of the few close friends invited to attend the funeral of Sechin's son in St. Petersburg.

![](/uploads/Screenshot_from_2025_04_14_14_27_25_fc4d220c9f.png)

Eyyub, along with Garayev, operates a network of obscure companies to facilitate the export of Russian oil. These companies are registered in various locations, such as the UAE DMCC free zone and Hong Kong, making it difficult to track their activities.

Eyyub's work has been instrumental in helping Russia circumvent Western sanctions. He has been involved in the creation of complex webs of transactions and shell companies, allowing Coral Energy and its affiliates to continue exporting Russian oil despite sanctions.

Eyyub's activities have also been linked to other companies, such as Voliton, Guron Trading, and Pontus Trading, which continue to export Russian oil. His involvement in these companies has allowed him to maintain a low profile while still being a key player in the Russian oil industry.

To date, Eyyub has avoided direct sanctions despite his frequent travel to Moscow and close links to the Russian regime, but there are signs that justice may be starting to catch up with the Azeri opportunist. Information states that he was forced to abandon plans to build a luxury villa on the "hill of billionaires" in Cologny, as he is barred from transferring funds into Switzerland.

![Architect designs for Eyyub's planned villa](/uploads/Screenshot_from_2025_04_14_14_28_13_d99b86be59.png)

In July 2024, Nord Axis's Russian activity came to an abrupt halt. This is most likely a temporary inconvenience, as reports indicate that further companies linked to Eyyub, namely Voliton, Guron Trading, and Pontus Trading, continue to keep the oil flowing out of Russia. However, with an increasing spotlight being cast on his activities, his Forbes list ambitions may have to wait.

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Who is behind the sanctions-busting, shadowy company Nord Axis?

Etibar Eyyub: The Man Behind Nord Axis

In response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the international community swiftly imposed a range of economic sanctions aimed at restricting the Russian economy and limiting the country's ability to fund its military aggression. Among the most significant of these measures were sanctions targeting Russia's oil sector, a crucial component of the country's economy and a major source of revenue for the Russian government. In particular, the G7 group of nations, along with other EU countries, agreed on a price cap on the sale or purchase of Russian oil and petroleum products.

In an effort to avoid the price cap, and other possible sanctions, Russia has encouraged the creation of its own Shadow Fleet of limited lifecycle companies operating aging tankers, to hide the real trade in Russian oil. While some may be under direct if covert Russian control, many are owned and operated by opportunistic third-party operators, who can make large profits in trading Russian oil. To support this, an array of companies has sprung up to facilitate the trade, while also making it difficult to track activity, and therefore aid in evading sanctions.

The number of little-known trading firms relied on by Moscow to export large volumes of crude exports to Asia has mushroomed in recent months. Sanctions against Russian oil sparked major oil firms and commodity houses to withdraw from business with producers in Russia. As Western companies pulled out of Russian oil markets in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, this shadowy network of shell companies immediately stepped in to fill the gap.

The Shadow Fleet network is a shift away from the small number of well-established major oil companies that have handled Russian oil products for decades. Shipping data indicates over 40 middlemen and companies with no prior involvement in the oil business, handled Russian oil trading between March and June 2024.

These new companies have quickly become some of the world's biggest oil traders, shipping at least half of Russia's crude oil and refined oil on average in 2024, up to 6-8 million barrels per day, appearing after Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

## Bellatrix Energy

Bellatrix Energy is a prime example of a murky Shadow Fleet company. Sharing a name with an evil witch from the Harry Potter world, this company is practicing evil of a much more banal form.

Bellatrix Energy is controlled by Bilal Aliyev, an Azerbaijani who took control in the early weeks of the Russian invasion. According to the US Government, since the middle of June 2023, vessels chartered by Bellatrix have made more than 150 port calls in Russia. Since the invasion of Ukraine, Bellatrix has traded tens of millions of tons of crude oil and other products of Russian state-owned companies, and has received a loan worth hundreds of millions of dollars from a Russian state-owned bank. Bellatrix has also borrowed from the Russian Regional Development Bank, which OFAC (US Office of Foreign Assets Control) designated for sanctions on November 2 2023.

One particular example, shows the sort of methodology used to obscure the trade in Russian oil from detection by concerned authorities. In May 2023, a Liberian-flagged tanker (but actually part of the Shadow Fleet), the 'Leopard I' left Ust-Luga port in Russia, carrying 100,000 tonnes of Russian oil bound for India. The company who had ostensibly brokered the shipment was Bellatrix Energy, but not for long. Halfway on the journey, while still at sea, the oil changed hands. The new owner was now Guron Trading, another Hong Kong based company, and one which has also been identified and sanctioned for its part in obfuscating the trade in Russian oil. The exchange was clearly not a genuine business transaction, just a sleight-of-hand to confuse things. This web of transactions, with ownership changing hands in mid-voyage etc, is typical of the way Russian oil is currently being laundered through a series of shell companies and nominal owners, making it increasingly difficult to track the true origin and destination of the oil, thereby allowing Russia to continue evading sanctions while deceiving the international community about the extent of its oil exports. Bellatrix is just one such dirty company, serving the same dirty function as many others.

### Guron Trading

Guron Trading, based in Hong Kong, now operates the Liberian-flagged 'Leopard I'. The company was founded 12/20/2021, the website was removed in 2024. It is now available and displays little information, just that the company deals in the international oil trade.

## Are the Sanctions Working?

Russia's oil exports fell in 2024 but revenue rose by $3.8 billion hitting $192 billion. Thanks to the Shadow Fleet, Russian oil exports from all sea ports reached a multi-year high in April and May 2024 at nearly 4 million bpd.

In May 2024, Russian oil supplies to India, which was a rare buyer of Russian oil before the invasion of Ukraine, hit a record of 1.95 million bpd while China imported 2.29 million bpd. China and India have become Russia's biggest buyers of oil since sanctions were introduced by Europe and the United States.

Of the largest oil producers, only Lukoil continues to market oil through its trading division, which it relocated to Dubai. The other companies sell to the new trading firms, which are mostly registered in China, Singapore, Hong Kong or Dubai.

According to data, from March to June 2024 the top oil traders who purchased oil from Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz and Gazprom Neft were, Dubai-based Petroruss, Hong Kong-registered Guron Trading, Bellatrix Energy and Covart Energy, Dubai-registered Voliton, Demex Trading, Nestor Trading, Orion Energy and Singapore-headquartered Patera.

Some companies, such as Voliton, had no websites or contact numbers.

These emerging companies have been instrumental in maintaining, and increasing Russia's oil exports by facilitating the redirection of shipments from major crude producers like Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, and Gazprom Neft to countries such as India and China.

## The Bottom Line

The data reveals a disturbing methodology, where companies with limited lifecycles are deliberately established to circumvent sanctions and facilitate the trade of Russian oil. These opaque entities are strategically set up in jurisdictions with lenient regulatory environments, such as the UAE's DMCC free zone. By leveraging a complex web of intermediaries and proxy companies, the true ownership and beneficiaries of these organizations remain obscured, making it exceedingly difficult to track the origin and destination of oil products. This cleverly designed system enables sanctioned entities to covertly continue trading oil, reaping substantial profits in the process.

The transient nature of these companies, which can quickly be established and dissolved, adds an extra layer of complexity to the already murky landscape. This makes it challenging for authorities to monitor the transfer of oil products and assets, as exemplified by the transfer involving the 'Leopard I' vessel, between Bellatrix Energy and Guron Trading. The use of such shell companies, with their short lifecycles, has become a key tactic in evading sanctions, allowing Russia to maintain a steady flow of revenue from its oil exports.

Ultimately this methodology has significant implications for the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, as it enables Russia to continue funding its aggressive military campaign. The imposition of sanctions was intended to restrict Russia's ability to generate revenue from its oil sales, thereby limiting its capacity to finance its illegal war. However, by exploiting loopholes and using clandestine networks, Russia has been able to evade these sanctions, ensuring a continued influx of funds to support its illegal invasion of Ukraine. As a result, the international community must adapt its strategies to counter these evasion tactics, in order to effectively curb Russia's ability to profit from its oil exports and ultimately bring an end to the conflict in Ukraine.

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How Russia is using limited lifecycle companies to minimize the risk of oil sanctions.

Russia's Secret Strategy for Oil Sanctions Evasion

Despite Western sanctions Russia's illicit oil trade continues to thrive with the Shadow Fleet playing a crucial role in evading the price cap. Sanctions imposed in December 2022 by G7 countries on Russia's oil trade intend to prevent Russia from earning money to fund its illegal war in Ukraine however Western governments report that Russia is operating a dark fleet made up of hundreds of old tankers whose ownership is deliberately obfuscated.

The Kyiv School of Economics estimated that the Shadow Fleet comprises over 400 ships capable of transporting oil allowing Russia to evade the sanctions which cap the price of a barrel at $60, limiting Russia's ability to generate money. The aging tankers are bought by non-transparent entities in countries outside the G7 such as the Marshall Islands or the United Arab Emirates and sail under the flag of countries like the Cook Islands or Gabon. Despite being named 'Shadow Fleet' the ships overtly stop at Russian oil terminals, clearly displaying their activity. Some of the vessels can be linked to Russia as with the ships owned by Sovcomflot. The Shadow Fleet's ability to operate with relative impunity has significant implications for the effectiveness of Western sanctions.

## Sanctions
The cap on oil prices means that companies cannot buy oil priced above the threshold and insurers cannot provide cover for ships involved in these practices. By capping the price of oil, it can still be provided to countries but Russia cannot make large profits on it, avoiding a gasoline crisis that would increase prices globally. The UN International Maritime Organization requires ships to have insurance and audits to ensure their safety. The Kyiv School of Economics reports that before the sanctions most ships were insured by International Group but since the sanctions the number of ships transporting Russian oil and insured by IG has decreased by 60%. To evade this, non-transparent entities in countries that don't adhere to sanctions such as UAE, India, the Seychelles, buy old tankers and insure them through non-Western or Russian insurance companies.

Western countries have sanctioned 270 ships operating in the Shadow Fleet and 183 more vessels have been added to the sanctions list in the last month. It is reported that approximately two-thirds of the ships have become idle, unable to operate which is costing large amounts of money for the entity that owns it ultimately meaning less money for Russia to fund its illegal war.

## Environmental Damage
A tanker carrying over 300,000 barrels of oil from the port of Vysotsk nearly ran aground in the Danish Straits in 2023. Aged 18 years the vessel posed a significant environmental risk as its advanced age made it more susceptible to accidents, potentially leading to severe ecological damage had it run aground. The clean-up would be costly, and due to the sanctions surrounding insurance of these vessels, it is unknown whether the ship's cover would be able to finance the cost. Many European countries now request insurance details from suspected Shadow Fleet ships which can be added to sanctions lists if they do not have correct insurance.

The recent disaster involving Volgoneft 212 and Volgoneft 239 on December 16 2024 further highlights the danger of these aging ships. During a heavy storm Volgoneft 212 split in half and Volgoneft 239 ran aground causing oil to spill in the Kerch Strait, which could be one of the worst ecological disasters the region has seen in years. The ships are over 50 years old and it is clear that they are not maintained to safety standards. As a result, dead birds were filmed on the beaches nearby. Russia's continued operation of aging and damaged ships highlights the country's disregard for environmental protection. Russia's prioritization of oil profits to fund its ongoing conflict, is coming at the expense of both human well-being and the well-being of the environment. This raises questions about the long-term consequences of Russia's actions and the potential for devastating ecological damage.

By operating these aging, damaged ships, Russia continues to carelessly destroy the environment, thinking only about its oil profits to fund its illegal war and not about the well-being of people or the environment.

## Sabotage
On December 25 2024 an undersea power cable and 4 data cables were severed, disrupting the supply of electricity from Estonia to Finland. Finnish police seized an oil tanker registered in the Cook Islands suspected of being part of the Shadow Fleet. It is reported that Eagle S dragged its anchor along the seabed to damage the Estlink 2 cable that supplies electricity to Estonia from Finland. It was only just stopped by Finnish defense forces before it would have hit further critical connections.

The damage to the Estlink 2 cable is the second time vital undersea cables between NATO allies have been damaged in 2 months. In November China-flagged bulk carrier Yi Peng 3 dragged anchor to damage the C-Lion 1 communication cable connecting Finland and Germany. The ship spent over 4 weeks in international waters in the Danish Straits as officials investigated.

This has triggered the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF), a group of 10 European countries to launch an operation dubbed 'Northern Warden', to begin real-time monitoring and warning dissemination to JEF and NATO countries and allies about possible threats to ensure the safety of undersea infrastructure.

The Shadow Fleet's involvement in such activities underscores the need for increased vigilance and cooperation among Western countries to counter Russia's illicit activities. The Shadow Fleet's sabotage incidents have significant implications for the security of undersea infrastructure and highlights the need for a coordinated response to address these threats.

## Russia's Invasion of Ukraine
Despite the price cap, Kyiv School of Economics estimates that Russia earned an extra $9.4B throughout 2024. Sanctions experts say that the price Russia gets for its oil has increased, and the reduction it sees overall is now less than $10 per barrel, which has allowed Russia's oil profits to steadily increase.

In light of the political distractions and uncertainty in Western states' commitment to Ukraine, Russia will continue its campaign to bomb Ukrainian cities and critical infrastructure into submission. Despite Russia's overall poor economic performance since the beginning of the invasion, the $9.4B generated illicitly over the course of one year significantly reduces the severity of its economic problems. Russia's ability to resource its illegal war in Ukraine, through grain theft, sanctions evasion and obfuscated oil transactions, will continue unabated unless further pressure is applied to the Shadow Fleet.


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Exposing Russia's tactics to evade oil sanctions and fund its illegal war in Ukraine.

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